If you are unwilling or afraid to overclock your CPU, there is no reason to annoy other people with your opinion. Just because the CPU manufacturers have an opinion on overclocking does not make it the right one. People who are overclocking their CPUs choose to see it differently and are benefiting from their opinion. As long as there is no sentence against overclocking, we are not doing anything against the law.

It is also fairly questionable if there actually is a difference between Pentium chips with different official clock speeds. The best example of this is the P150 and the P166. Isn't it strange, that all P150s are standard voltage chips and almost all P166s are VRE voltage chips? Doesn't it sound like Intel is using the same chip in both of them, but it only runs stable enough at 166 MHz with VRE voltage. Intel is selling the P150 only to satisfy the market and probably gets a good chuckle at the stupidity of the general public who don't realize this.

There are a lot remarked Pentium chips around, as recently discovered when all over Europe there were several concurrent razzias against criminal organizations that re-marked thousands of P133s to P166. The proud owners of these CPUs are convinced they have a real P166, just because it's written on the chip. Hahaha!! I'm wondering how many people own faked P166s. Did you know that Intel isn't interested in marking their chips reliably via a software readout at all? As long as they sell enough chips, they don't mind the re-marking of Pentiums. They even tried to avoid the publication of the recent events in Europe and I bet hardly anybody in the US ever heard about that.

The main idea behind sensible overclocking is simply to use your brain, which brings me back to my 'car driving' introduction. If you want to successfully overclock your system without any loss in reliability, you will have to take care of proper cooling, do decent testing, and stay within the bounds of common sense. Don't try to overclock a P100 to 200 MHz or anything crazy like that. Just use your brain!

Is smoking immoral? Don’t ask me, ask anyone who smokes!! And yes smoking is much more closely related to morality than overclocking.

Two variables determine the speed at which your CPU runs: the frontside bus speed and the clock multiplier. By manipulating these variables you determine the CPU's clock speed.

Understanding Bus Speed : The CPU uses the FSB (frontside bus, also called the system or external bus) to communicate with system memory and peripherals.

FSB Speed x Clock Multiplier = CPU Speed

(This is what publicised speed of CPU e.g. Pentium 233 MHz MMX here FSB speed is 66 MHz and internal speed of CPU is 233 MHz using the clock multiplier of 3.5 i.e. 66 x 3.5 = 233 MHz approx).

The motherboard chipset controls the clock multiplier, which, in conjunction with the FSB speed, determines the core speed of the CPU. Multiply the FSB speed by the clock multiplier to get the CPU speed. By manipulating the clock multiplier and/or the FSB speed, you can increase the core speed at which the CPU runs.

Let's start by discussing a 486 processor (these have been around long enough that most people are familiar with how they work). There are various breeds of 486 cpu's. The major designations are SX, SX2, DX, DX2, and DX4. All 486 processors use a 32 bit data bus. The external data bus is how the CPU communicates with the motherboard. On SX and DX chips the speed of this bus (FSB Speed) is the same speed as the internal workings of the processor. On SX2 and DX2 chips the internal speed of the CPU is twice that of the external data bus i.e. using clock multiplier of 2. On DX4 CPUs the internal chip speed is three times that of the external bus. The difference between an SX and a DX chip is the fact that DX 486 chips have a math co-processor whereas the SX chips do not. Ok, so if you have a 486DX33 that means the external bus is running at 33mhz. Morover, the internal processing speed of this chip is 33mhz. A 486dx2/66 also has an external speed of 33, but the internal workings of the chip double that speed to attain 66mhz. The "dx2" chips use a technology that takes the external clock speed at which the motherboard is operating at and doubles it. "SX" and "DX" chips which do not have the "2" at the end of the name (as in "DX2") do not support a 2x mode of operation. This should dispel any rumors that one can take a 486dx33 and turn it into a 486dx2/66 like magic. Similarly, the "dx4" chips have clock tripling technology built in. This means that again, one may not simply turn a 486dx33 into a 486dx100.



Here is a list of the bus and processor speeds of the most common 486 chips.

||Proce Name:||FSB (ext) Speed:|| Int (proc) Speed:|| Clock Mltplier||
486SX20             20MHZ                   20MHZ                    1x
486SX25             25MHZ                   25MHZ                    1x
486SX33             33MHZ                   33MHZ                    1x
486DX40             40MHZ                   40MHZ                    1x
486DX50             50MHZ                   50MHZ                    1x
486sx2/50          25MHZ                   50MHZ                    2x
486dx2/50          25MHZ                   50MHZ                    2x
486dx2/66          33MHZ                   66MHZ                    2x
486dx2/80          40MHZ                   80MHZ                    3x
486dx4/75          25MHZ                   75MHZ                    3x
486dx4/100        33MHZ                   100MHZ                   3x
486dx4/120        40MHZ                   120MHZ                   3x
486dx4/133        33MHZ                   133MHZ                   4x
Pent. Ovdrive63  25MHZ                   63MHZ                     2.5x
Pent. Ovdrive83  33MHZ                   83MHZ                     2.5x




So what does all this mean?
Well, the fact is that on many motherboards the bus clock speed of the motherboard may be set using jumpers or dip switches. I suppose one day someone asked, "What will happen if I set the bus speed of my motherboard to 40MHZ despite the fact that I'm using a 486dx33 chip?" This is one of the types of overclocking; setting the bus speed faster than it really ought to be in relation to the intended speed of the CPU.


What improvements will I see?
By setting a 486dx33 to a 40MHZ bus speed you will find that the internal processing speed of the processor directly follows this modification. The chip will try to operate at 40MHZ. By speeding up the bus speed on a DX2 chip the internal workings of the chip will still try to double the external bus speed. That means that a 486dx2/66 operating on a motherboard whose bus speed is set to 40MHZ will try to operate at 80MHZ. A 486dx4/100 will try to operate at 120MHZ if the bus speed is increased to 40MHZ.


What else can be done?
Some motherboards also allow you to select whether the processor runs internally at 1x, 2x, 2.5x, 3x, etc. the external bus speed. Additionally, the BIOS of many systems allows you to modify the number of DRAM wait states, the cache type and wait states, the ISA bus speed, etc. All of these tinkering may prove to be of some benefit to overclockers.

Overclocking in simple term means running your computer's CPU at a speed higher than what was intended by the manufacturer. Overclocking is increasing the clock rate of a processor beyond its rating for the purpose of increasing system speed without buying a new, faster, but more expensive processor.

"Overclocking" is a slang term, and not an engineering or scientific term. The correct technical terms are "speed-margining" (more common) and "undertiming" (less common). One can also "overclock" the computer's bus. The 'overclocking' describes the process of running your CPU at a clock and/or bus speed that the CPU hasn't been specified for - logically, that speed is usually higher.

The tempting idea behind overclocking is to increase system performance at very little or no cost. In many cases you only need to change a few settings on your motherboard to make your system run faster. In other cases you only have to add a few components (usually for cooling) to achieve the performance increase.

In the past, overclocking was usually nothing more than increasing a CPU's clock speed to that of the next higher model, e.g. a Pentium 120 to a Pentium 133. Now, with new bus speeds available on several motherboards, you can change the clock and bus speed of a CPU to values that don't officially exist. This new way of overclocking is yielding an even higher performance increase than the classic one. It even gives you the ability to increase the performance of the fastest model of a particular CPU production line (e.g. P200 to 250 MHz, Pentium Pro 200 to 233 MHz).

Documents or PDF files have become the world standard as electronic documents (digital). We can create the original document with Word or Excel first. Usually the origin of these documents give us the format, layout, graphics, fonts and images particular, is not it? After the original document that we created is perfect, then we can convert the file that was learner-extension. Doc or. Xls to. Pdf. When the PDF files you send to other people, then other people will read / view the document as what you see or create tools in Word or Excel. Once again, you do not need to worry, as long as the file is then converted to pdf format, layout and the other from the document already origin to final / fixed (not changed again).

Of course, to alter the original document we need software or a particular application. Or software application has been circulating in the market. One is Adobe Acrobat (be careful of, not the Adobe Acrobat Reader, which can be downloaded free from the Adobe website). In addition to Adobe Acrobat, we can also use PDF2Click, PDF Converter and more.

To read PDF files, we must have the software it is also the Adobe Acrobat Reader. Software that one can download free from the Adobe website.

Short words to convert documents to PDF we need to buy its software. While not need to read the charges.

source : http://www.borobudurbiz.com